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IEA Sounds Warning to Oil Markets. Should we be Worried?

By: Harry Altham, Energy Analyst, Market Analysis EMEA & Asia

IEA Sounds Warning to Oil Markets of Possible OPEC Troubles. We Need to Take Note
 
Harry Altham
Energy Analyst, EMEA & Asia

Brent is back above $75/bbl after U.S. crude stocks fell by 4.3M bbl last week, far exceeding Reuters analysts’ expectations of a 0.65M bbl drop. That said, stocks at Cushing rose by 1.2M bbl (5%), as the regional hub raises total stocks above 30M bbl for the first time since August. In October, they dropped to a nine-year low of 21M bbl; inventories beneath 20M bbl are considered close to operational minimum (less than 20% of the 98M bbl storage capacity) due to the viscous composition of the product, making extraction increasingly difficult. 

image 86034
Sources: EIA, StoneX
In terms of total oil and product stocks in the United States (including SPR), 2023 has seen a significant change, in that inventory levels have stabilised after a 30 month period in which we saw sustained draws. In July 2020, total oil and product stocks topped out at 2.11bn; they fell by 25% to January 2023 to a low of 1.59M bn bbl. Since then, total stocks have risen by 29M bbl, despite net crude exports rising by 565k bbd in the past year. Interestingly, both crude and gasoline stocks have remained relatively stable y/y, meanwhile diesel stocks fell by 6M bbl; North American middle distillate markets retain structural tightness further down the forward curve due to the greater export pressure stemming from Europe following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. 

image 86035
Source: EIA, StoneX
IEA and OPEC Envisaging Different A VERY 2024

The past 24 hours have been dominated by ‘energy institution politics’; both OPEC and the IEA issued weighty statements that have implications for markets (and possibly bilateral relations). Yesterday, OPEC+ once again expressed its view that speculators were ‘exaggerating’ demand-side weakness in the oil fundamentals ahead of 2024. It labelled market weakness a product of fund activity in futures markets, while it reaffirmed its ‘cautious optimism’ for the fundamentals ahead of 2024. To that end, OPEC+ kept its forecast for world demand growth at 2.46M bbd. 

Less than 24 hours later, the IEA continued its rather public difference of opinion with OPEC by stating that ‘evidence of a slowdown in oil demand is mounting’; it revised down its Q4 2023 demand growth forecast by 400k bbd (although it consequently revised up its 2024 forecast by 170k bbd to 1.1M bbd on the back of stronger-than-expected GDP data). Differences in forecasts are nothing new, but that OPEC’s forecast is more than double that of the IEA leaveS both organisations vulnerable to accusations of being subjectively biased. 
Not meaning to be scrooge to the oil bulls (it is that time of year!), but StoneX’ 1.4M (1.3%) bbd demand growth figure for 2024 sits on the lower end of the IEA-OPEC range; this is centrally because we forecast Chinese demand growth to fall by around 70%-75% y/y. Global demand recovery since the pandemic has been critically supported by the kerosene markets (particularly in 2023), but Chinese travellers remain extremely reluctant to venture abroad due to safety concerns; our view is that a sustained recovery here remains some way off. Meanwhile the global economy continues to face headwinds amid tight monetary policies undertaken by a significant portion of China’s export markets, which will continue to affect industrial demand in 2024.
Going back to the IEA – OPEC theme, arguably of greatest significance was the IEA’s assertion that rising global output ‘will complicate efforts by key producers to defend their market share and maintain elevated oil prices’. This could further deteriorate relations with OPEC+, who have pursued higher oil prices despite the protests of the United States and the IEA, both of whom have repeatedly warned of damaging headwinds that such price levels would cause for the global economy. 
If the IEA’s demand growth prediction proves to be accurate, we predict that supply would outpace demand in 2024 by around 0.6M bbd (assuming no changes to OPEC+ production); this would pave the way for a year of depressed prices – something which OPEC+ appears intent on avoiding. 
Aside from the political differences, this topic raises a serious point, and one that markets must consider ahead of all OPEC+ meetings next year. 
Clearly, there are seasonal changes to adjust for (markets are often hottest in the summer), but weak prices could become a major concern for OPEC+, particularly during those periods of weak seasonal demand. There are currently 2.2M bbd of OPEC+ production cuts; the critical element here is that those cuts are voluntary. Around 4.9% of OPEC+’s total production has been voluntarily reduced, and each of these players (most notably Saudi Arabia and the U.A.E.) will insist that their OPEC+ share (determined by baseline figures) is respected in the long term.
In OPEC+’s most recent meeting, it was plainly apparent that many producers were reluctant to cut output. So, if the market is oversupplied and OPEC+ needs to cut to support prices in 2024, how will they achieve consensus when their most powerful member is underproducing relative to baselines, and voluntary cuts have already been extracted from OPEC+’s six other largest producers? 
If consensus is not reached, there is a significant chance Saudi Arabia (also possibly the U.A.E.) could reassert control of OPEC+ by restoring market share (achieved by pumping more crude (Saudi Arabia currently has 3M bbd of spare productive capacity)), which would be extremely bearish for crude markets due to a large oversupply figure. 
image 86036
Source: EIA, OPEC, StoneX
OPEC+ will be keen to demonstrate unity and dispel the IEA’s statement as a fantasy. But non-OPEC+ production looks set for another strong year, and a degree of uncertainty hangs over 2024 demand. Weak demand surely puts pressure on OPEC, and pressurised situations are precisely where such a scenario might arise. 
Next year is set to be fascinating.
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